AI experts warn Facebook’s anti-bias tool is ‘completely insufficient’
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Facebook today published a blog post detailing Fairness Flow, an internal toolkit the company claims enables its teams to analyze how some types of AI models perform across different groups. Developed in 2018 by Facebook’s Interdisciplinary Responsible AI (RAI) team in consultation with Stanford University, the Center for Social Media Responsibility, the Brookings Institute, and the Better Business Bureau Institute for Marketplace Trust, Fairness Flow is designed to help engineers determine how the models powering Facebook’s products perform across people.
The post pushes back against the notion that the RAI team is “essentially irrelevant to fixing the bigger problems of misinformation, extremism, and political polarization [on Facebook’s platform],” as MIT Tech Review’s Karen Hao wrote in an investigative report earlier this month. Hao alleges that the RAI team’s work — mitigating bias in AI — helps Facebook avoid proposed regulation that might hamper its growth. The piece also claims that the company’s leadership has repeatedly weakened or halted initiatives meant to clean up misinformation on the platform because doing so would undermine that growth.
According to Facebook, Fairness Flow works by detecting forms of statistical bias in some models and data labels commonly used at Facebook. Here, Facebook defines “bias” as systematically applying different standards to different groups of people, like when Facebook-owned Instagram’s system disabled the accounts of U.S.-based Black users 50 % more often than those who were white.
Given a dataset of predictions, labels, group membership (e.g., gender or age), and other information, Fairness Flow can divide the data a model uses into subsets and estimate the performance. The tool can determine whether a model accurately ranks content for people from a specific group, for example, or whether a model under-predicts for some groups relative to others. Fairness Flow can also be used to compare annotator-provided labels with expert labels, which yields metrics showing the difficulty in labeling content from groups and the criteria used by the original labelers.
Facebook says its Equity Team, a product group within Instagram focused on addressing bias, uses “model cards” that leverage Fairness Flow to provide information potentially preventing models from being used “inappropriately.” The cards include a bias assessment that could be applied to all Instagram models by the end of next year, although Facebook notes the use of Fairness Flow is currently optional.
Mike Cook, an AI researcher at the Queen Mary University of London, told VentureBeat via email that Facebook’s blog post contains “very little information” about what Fairness Flow actually does. “While it seems that the main aim of the tool is to connect the Facebook engineers’ expectations with the model’s output, … the old adage ‘garbage in, garbage out’ still holds. This tool just confirms that the garbage you’ve gotten out is consistent with the garbage you’ve put in,” he said. “In order to fix these bigger problems, Facebook needs to address the garbage part.”
Cook pointed to language in the post suggesting that because groups might have different positive rates in factual (or “ground truth”) data, bias isn’t necessarily present. In machine learning, a false positive is an outcome where a model incorrectly predicts something, while a true positive measures the percentage of the model’s correct predictions.
“One interpretation of this is that Facebook is fine with bias or prejudice, as long as it’s sufficiently systemic,” Cook said. “For example, perhaps it’s reasonable to advertise technology jobs primarily to men, if Facebook finds that mostly men click on them? That’s consistent with the standards of fairness set here, to my mind, as the system doesn’t need to take into account who wrote the advert, what the tone or message of the advert is, what the state of the company it’s advertising is, or what the inherent problems in the industry the company is based in are. It’s simply reacting to the ‘ground truth’ observable in the world.”
Indeed, a Carnegie Mellon University study published last August found evidence that Facebook’s ad platform discriminates against certain demographic groups. The company claims its written policies ban discrimination and that it uses automated controls — introduced as part of the 2019 settlement — to limit when and how advertisers target ads based on age, gender, and other attributes. But many previous studies have established that Facebook’s ad practices are at best problematic.
Facebook says Fairness Flow is available to all product teams at the company and can be applied to models even after they’re deployed into production. But Facebook admits that Fairness Flow, the use of which is optional, can only analyze certain types of models — particularly supervised models that learn from a “sufficient volume” of labeled data. Facebook chief scientist Yann LeCun recently said in an interview that removing biases from self-supervised systems, which learn from unlabeled data, might require training the model with an additional dataset curated to unteach specific biases. “It’s a complicated issue,” he told Fortune.
University of Washington AI researcher Os Keyes characterized Fairness Flow as “a very standard process,” as opposed to a novel way to address bias in models. He pointed out that Facebook’s post indicates the tool compares accuracy to a single version of “real truth” rather than assessing what “accuracy” might mean to, for instance, labelers in Dubai versus in Germany or Kosovo.
“In other words, it’s nice that [Facebook is] assessing the accuracy of their ground truths … [but] I’m curious about where their ‘subject matter experts’ are from, or on what grounds they’re subject matter experts,” Keyes told VentureBeat via email. “It’s noticeable that [the company’s] solution to the fundamental flaws in the design of monolithic technologies is a new monolithic technology. To fix code, write more code. Any awareness of the fundamentally limited nature of fairness … It’s even unclear as to whether their system can recognise the intersecting nature of multiple group identities.”
Exposés about Facebook’s approaches to fairness haven’t done much to engender trust within the AI community. A New York University study published in July 2020 estimated that Facebook’s machine learning systems make about 300,000 content moderation mistakes per day, and problematic posts continue to slip through Facebook’s filters. In one Facebook group that was created last November and rapidly grew to nearly 400,000 people, members calling for a nationwide recount of the 2020 U.S. presidential election swapped unfounded accusations about alleged election fraud and state vote counts every few seconds.
Separately, a May 2020 Wall Street Journal article brought to light an internal Facebook study that found the majority of people who join extremist groups do so because of the company’s recommendation algorithms. And in an audit of the human rights impact assessments (HRIAs) Facebook performed regarding its product and presence in Myanmar following a genocide of the Rohingya people in that country, Carr Center at Harvard University coauthors concluded that the third-party HRIA largely omitted mention of the Rohingya and failed to assess whether algorithms played a role.
Accusations of fueling political polarization and social division prompted Facebook to create a “playbook” to help its employees rebut criticism, BuzzFeed news reported in early March. In one example, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and COO Sheryl Sandberg have sought to deflect blame for the Capitol Hill riot in the U.S., with Sandberg noting the role of smaller, right-leaning platforms despite the circulation of hashtags on Facebook promoting the pro-Trump rally in the days and weeks beforehand.
Facebook doesn’t perform systematic audits of its algorithms today, even though the step was recommended by a civil rights audit of Facebook completed last summer.
“The whole [Fairness Flow] toolkit can basically be summarised as, ‘We did that thing people were suggesting three years ago, we don’t even make everyone do the thing, and the whole world knows the thing is completely insufficient,’” Keyes said. “If [the blog post] is an attempt to respond to [recent criticism], it reads as more of an effort to pretend it never happened than actually address it.”
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